Publications

Following are a list of some of the important publications on various aspects of renewable energy. Although with a global focus, many of the following publications addresses basis and emerging issues in the field. We are also providing abstracts of each of these publications for better understanding their areas of discussions. This list is in no way a comprehensive one, rather, we intend to add more publications as and when they published.

Books/Reports
Papers
Useful publications

Books/Reports

European Wind Energy Association. 2006
Focus on 2030
http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/WD/2006_november/WD26-focus.pdf
Three years after its last analysis of the future prospects for Europe’s wind energy market, the European Wind Energy Association has set a new long term target. By 2030 it projects that up to 300 Gigawatts (GW) of wind capacity could be operating around the expanded European Union. Over seven times as much as is currently installed, this would provide enough electricity for 200 million households.

European Wind Energy Association. 2006
Focus on environment
Source: European Wind Energy Association
http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/WD/wd25-5-focus.pdf
Wind power offers enormous benefits to the global environment, but it must also tread softly on the earth it is helping to protect. Wind Directions examines both aspects of the technology’s growth, previews an EWEA initiative to create a database of information on environmental impacts, and looks at two recent examples of how these issues have been approached in practice.

Flowers L, Miner-Nordstrom L. 2006.
Wind energy applications for municipal water services: opportunities, situation analyses, and case studies
NREL Report No. CP-500-39178, Preprint. 32 pp.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/39178.pdf
The research presented in this report describes a systematic assessment of the potential for wind power to support water utility operation, with the objective to identify promising technical applications and water utility case study opportunities. The first section describes the current situation that municipal providers face with respect to energy and water. The second section describes the progress that wind technologies have made in recent years to become a cost-effective electricity source. The third section describes the analysis employed to assess potential for wind power in support of water service providers, as well as two case studies. The report concludes with results and recommendations.

Pedden M. 2006.
Analysis: economic impacts of wind applications in rural communities
NREL Report No. SR-500-39099, 54 pp.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/39099.pdf
The purpose of this report is to compile completed studies on the economic impact of wind farms in rural communities and then to compare these studies. By summarizing the studies in an Excel spreadsheet, the raw data from a study is easily compared with the data from other studies. In this way, graphs can be made and conclusions drawn. Additionally, the creation of a database in which economic impact studies are summarized allows a greater understanding of the type of information gathered in an economic impact study, the type of information that is most helpful in using these studies to promote wind energy development in rural communities, and the limitations on collecting data for these studies.

Musial W, Butterfield S, and Ram B. 2006.
Energy from offshore wind
NREL Report No. CP-500-39450, Preprint, 14 pp.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/39450.pdf
This paper provides an overview of the nascent offshore wind energy industry including a status of the commercial offshore industry and the technologies that will be needed for full market development.

Palz W. 2005
A PV roadmap for europe
Source: World Council for Renewable Energy
http://www.wcre.de/en/images/downloads/wrea_palz_pv_roadmap_europe.pdf
In this paper a new PV roadmap is proposed for the European Union, the EU25. It assumes, as a baseline, to implement fully the maximum potential of PV integration in the building sector by 2050. That over-all potential is evaluated at 442 GW installed capacity; half of it, 121 GW, could be realized between 2035 and 2040.

Renewables in global energy supply an iea fact sheet/ iea, 2006
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/Papers/2006/renewable_factsheet.pdf
Renewable energies are essential contributors to the energy supply portfolio as they contribute to world energy supply security, reducing dependency of fossil fuel resources, and provide greenhouse gases mitigating opportunities. Differences in defi nition and lack of adequate data complicated the discussion between participants on these key issues. The International Energy Agency believes that a fact sheet can be of use to all in order to facilitate the debate on the past, current and future place and role of renewables in total energy supply. This pamphlet presents as objectively as possible the main elements of the current renewables energy situation. The defi nitions and coverage of national statistics vary between countries and organisations. In this leaflet, we define renewables to include combustible renewables and waste (CRW), hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, tide and wave energy.

Renewable energy in india (business oppertunities)
http://www.mnes.nic.in/business%20oppertunity/index.htm
RETs have begun to emerge as an attractive, and sometimes the only option to provide light and power to un-electrified areas, which are too remote for grid extension. Moreover, with increased international concerns to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, developed countries seek to meet their commitments under the Kyoto Protocol by switching to energy efficiency and RE and investing in this area in developing countries. This trade guide entitled Renewable Energy in India: Business Opportunities has been designed keeping these factors in mind. It is a one-stop reference for national and foreign investors and entrepreneurs on India’s RE programmes, technology capabilities and trade opportunities.

Milestones and trends in renewable energy -- 2005 and 2006
http://pesn.com/2006/01/01/9600216_Year_in_Review_and_Forecast/
A summary report of 2005-06 has been released with projections for 2006 on global renewable energy progress. According to the report, the year 2005 saw large wind power installments come into a price range where they are now competitive with traditional grid prices. 2006 could see several solar designs do the same. The report also notes that Cold fusion was boosted with two, concurrent and independent sonofusion breakthroughs, though the stigma in the name is still deeply seated. Projections for 2006 include the arrival on the commercial scene of floating wind turbines -- buoyed up in the water like oil rigs, or elevated high in the air, courtesy of helium. Also, 2006 is likely to see at least three companies offering after-market kits for adding Brown's gas (H and O from electrolysis, common ducted) to the air intake of vehicles for enhanced mileage and performance. Many other fuel economizing systems are slated to mature in the marketplace. The report also predicts that evidence of climate change will likely continue to mount, adding urgency to the search for solutions. And while it will yet be years before we harness lightning, stable tornado systems prototypes that tap waste heat from power plants could arrive this coming year.

Renewable Energy in Europe - Building Markets and Capacity
European Renewable Energy Association, 2005
http://www.erec-renewables.org/documents/RES_in_EUandCC/ExecutiveSummary.pdf
This work examines the current status, potential and trends associated with renewable energy technologies, covering biomass, geothermal energy, solar thermal, solar photovoltaic, small hydropower and wind. Individual chapters are dedicated to each technology, with subsections that focus on the technology itself, costs, industry characteristics and market development. The final chapter focuses on the integration of renewable energy sources, describing the challenges, benefits and opportunities presented by a large deployment of renewable energy.

Renewable energy target for europe: 20% by 2020
European Renewable Energy Association, 2005
http://www.erec-renewables.org/documents/Berlin_2004/targets/EREC_Targets_2020_def.pdf
From the RE industry's point of view, if enough progress can be achieved to add a 6% additional contribution from renewables over 13 years (1997-2010) then a further 8% over the following ten years (2010-2020) is feasible, resulting in a 20% share of RES by 2020.

B.Kjellström, A.Arvidson, H. Forslund and I.Martinac. 2005
Renewable energy technologies for decentralised rural electricity services
http://www.sei.se/dload/2005/Ren%20_Eng_Tech.pdf
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) contracted KTH International Education and Trading AB, to organise and lead a workshop on “Renewable Energy Technologies for Decentralised Rural Electricity Services.” The present report summarises the results of the discussions at the workshop that was carried out in Studsvik, Sweden, June 10–12, 2004.

Renewables 2005 - global status report
http://www.worldwatch.org/brain/media/pdf/pubs/ren21/ren21-2.pdf
The Global Status Report was compiled with contributions from at least 20 countries. It provides an assessment of several renewables technologies—small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels—that are now competing with conventional fuels in four distinct markets: power generation, hot water and space heating, transportation fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy supplies. The report finds that government support for renewable energy is growing rapidly. At least 48 countries now have some type of renewable energy promotion policy, including 14 developing countries. Most targets are for shares of electricity production, typically 5-30 percent, by the 2010-2012 timeframe. Mandates for blending biofuels into vehicle fuels have been enacted in at least 20 states and provinces worldwide as well as in three key countries—Brazil, China and India.

Spath P, Aden A, Eggeman T, Ringer M, Wallace B, and Jechura J. 2005.
Biomass to hydrogen production detailed design and economics utilizing the battelle columbus laboratory indirectly-heated gasifier.
NREL Report No. TP-510-37408, 161 pp.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37408.pdf
This analysis developed detailed process flow diagrams and an Aspen Plus? model, evaluated energy flows including a pinch analysis, obtained process equipment and operating costs, and performed an economic evaluation of two process designs based on the syngas clean up and conditioning work being performed at NREL. One design, the current design, attempts to define today's state of the technology. The other design, the goal design, is a target design that attempts to show the effect of meeting specific research goals.

Bhattarai R, Cohen R, Dangi M, and Walker A. 2004.
Efforts on building human capacity through curriculum development and renewable energy in nepal.
A.A.M. Sayigh, ed. Proceedings of the World Renewable Energy Congress VIII (WREC 2004), 29 August--3 September 2004, Denver, Colorado (CD-ROM). [Amsterdam]: Elsevier, Ltd.; Monterey, CA: Produced by InControl Productions, Inc. 5 pp.; NREL Report No. CP-710-36842.

Energy for development - the potential role of renewable energy in meeting the millennium development goals
http://www.worldwatch.org/brain/media/pdf/pubs/ren21/ren21-1.pdf
Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN 21) has released its report, in September 2005 titled "Energy for Development: The Potential Role of Renewable Energy in Meeting the Millennium Development Goals," in conjunction with the 2005 World Summit at the United Nations. The report, produced and published by the Worldwatch Institute, brings together the expertise of the participants of REN 21, which provides a forum for international leadership on renewable energy and connects the wide variety of stakeholders that came together at the Bonn International Conference for Renewable Energies in 2004.

Biofuels for transport an international perspective/ iea, 2004
http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf
This IEA publication looks at recent trends in biofuel production and considers how the future may look if recent initiatives in IEA countries and around the world are fully implemented. The report takes a global perspective on the nascent biofuels industry, assessing regional similarities and differences as well as the cost and benefits of the various biofuel options and technologies. A major finding of the IEA’s analysis is that recent policy initiatives, if fully implemented, could result in up to a 5% displacement of motor gasoline use with biofuel (mainly ethanol) worldwide by 2010. Further, grain-based ethanol (as well as conventional oil-seed-based biodiesel) must compete for land with crop production for other purposes, such as for food and animal feed, and supplies are likely to be limited. “Biofuels for Transport: An International Perspective” also reports that countries such as Brazil and India – that can grow and utilize sugar cane as a primary feedstock – are already producing relatively low-cost bio-ethanol with excellent characteristics. However, for the longer term, research into advanced biofuels production techniques is bearing fruit. It now appears likely that within a few years the first commercial-scale production facilities will be built to produce ethanol from cellulosic feedstocks such as crop wastes, grasses and trees, using far less fossil energy and providing much larger reductions in “well-to-wheel” CO2 emissions per litre of fuel than the current processes. The book reviews these important developments, but stresses that much greater government attention and support for demonstration and commercialization of this “next generation” of biofuels is needed in order to ensure that they succeed and that the potential benefits of biofuels use in the future are maximized.

Renewable energy - market and policy trends in iea countries/iea, 2004
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/publications/free_all.asp
Renewable energy market deployment incentives are a substitute for the costs of externalities. IEA governments often cite future energy security and environmental benefits in the establishment of renewable energy policies. This highlights the challenge for energy policy-makers who are balancing today’s costs with tomorrow’s needs in more liberalised markets. This study also underscores a major challenge to IEA governments: adequate data on early market development, technology cost information and details of policy budgets are extremely difficult to obtain. In the end, renewables must achieve cost-competitiveness with fossil fuel and nuclear technologies and markets should work with minimal extraneous influence, yet taking into account external costs. Renewable Energy Market and Policy Trends in IEA Countries details the policy and market histories of renewables over the past thirty years to record our efforts to develop alternative energy resources to improve the world’s energy supply and demand structure. It is intended to inform the discussion about energy options and the further improvement of policies to enhance the performance of the energy sector toward the three pillars of energy policy – energy security, economic growth, and environmental quality. This work is published under my authority as Executive Director of the IEA and does not necessarily reflect the views of the IEA Member countries.

Renewable energy policy... Into the mainstream/ iea 2003
http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2000/Renew_main2003.pdf
There is a convergence of important factors that affect the overall value of renewables. The market for renewable energy technologies is fairly robust. There is strong investment in new manufacturing capacity, there are more services available and, in some regions and technologies, there is important capacity expansion underway. However, while there is clear progress, renewables have not achieved “market take-off” whereby these technologies can compete in the marketplace on their own merits without added government support. A policy framework must be created that will provide a more level “playing field” because rules, laws and systems have built up over the last century based primarily on fossil fuelbased systems. Even with the market success that has so far been achieved, the new generation of renewable energy technologies do not have sufficient market experience to have lowered their overall systems costs to be commercially competitive without additional government support. Recent IEA analysis on experience curves shows that long-term support is needed, from technology development through to commercialisation. The results of this analysis presented in the IEA publication, Experience Curves for Energy Technology Policy, provide an important justification for continued government support. The IEA has also shown that this building upon the results of the past needs, in many respects, to be undertaken at an international level. International cooperation, whether for research and development, mobilising investment, creating markets or sharing experiences, is a powerful tool in itself.

N Y D Babu and Michaelowa A. 2003
Removing barriers for renewable energy CDM projects in India and building capacity at the state level
Hamburg Institute of International Economics-Report, No. 237
http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/078/23/Rep237.pdf
As an effective greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigating mechanism, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is widely expected to stimulate co-operation between developed and developing nations. Among developing countries, India assumes a lead role in RET development. The current policy environment in India has been instrumental in creating one of the largest and most diverse renewable energy programmes in the world. However, there are several barriers preventing rapid penetration and commercialization of RETs in India to achieve desired potential. There is an urgent need to build up effective institutions at the central as well as the state level. This report aims to identify crucial CDM capacity-building needs in India and review current and planned capacity-building activities in the light of these needs. The report also aims to propose a
CDM capacity-building strategy in the private sector as well as among government officials at the central and state-level in India.

Ministry of Power, Govt of India. 2001
The energy conservation act, 2001
http://powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/energy_conservation_act/index.htm
The Indian Energy Conservation Act was introduced to specify standards, appliances and equipments to be subjected to labeling regime for better energy efficiency. It also prescribes energy consumption norms and building codes. Certification of energy auditors and energy managers were made mandatory to carry out the required changes throughout the industry.

CADDET, 2001.
Energy conservation in the pulp and paper industry
http://www.caddet.org/public/uploads/pdfs/Report/ar_28.pdf
In the pulp and paper industry, energy-improving measures are intimately linked to the design, operation, and connections between the large energy-consuming parts of the plant. Measures for energy improvement alone are rare. More usually, they are combined with other objectives, such as the elimination of bottlenecks in the production process, and environmental or yield-improving measures. As a result, it is often difficult or impossible to calculate meaningful payback periods from an energy perspective in isolation. The present report covers both the introduction of new, energy-efficient unit operations and the introduction of new energy technologies.

CADDET, 2000
Electricity from offshore wind energy
http://www.caddet.org/public/uploads/pdfs/Report/ar07.pdf
This report (published in October 2000) reviews the current status and future trends in the exploitation of offshore wind energy. It is the result of a joint study by the Danish Energy Agency and CADDET Renewable Energy. The review covers the development of offshore wind activities up to now, and analyses the trends and future market possibilities over the next 5-10 years. The main topics include the development of offshore wind resources, the technological challenges and the prospects for improving the economics. The environmental impact on wildlife and coastal landscapes, and the legal aspects of wind turbines in international waters, are also discussed.

Papers

Chiaramonti D, Oasmaa A, and Solantausta Y. 2007
Power generation using fast pyrolysis liquids from biomass
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11(6): 1056–1086
Power production from biomass-derived pyrolysis liquids has been under development for the past few years. If technically successful, it would make decentralized bio-energy production possible. Several technologies and system components have been developed by academia, R&D (research and development) organizations, and industrial companies in many countries. Much experience has been gained and many useful results published. The present work aims at reviewing the most significant experience in power generation from biomass liquids produced by fast pyrolysis processes. Power plant technologies addressed are diesel engines, gas turbines, and natural gas/steam power plants. The main results are reviewed and R&D needs identified for each technology. The analysis shows that even for the most promising solutions long-term demonstration has not yet been achieved. Pyrolysis-liquid use in gas turbine plants and in co-firing mode in large power stations is technically most advanced. Recent work with diesel engines also appears quite promising.

Joselin H G M, Iniyan S, Sreevalsan E, Rajapandian S. 2007
A review of wind energy technologies
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11(6): 1117–1145
Wind is caused by differential heating of the earth's surface by the sun. It has been estimated that roughly 10 million MW (megawatt) of energy can be generated from the wind continuously available in the earth. Wind energy provides a variable and environment-friendly option and national energy security at a time when decreasing global reserves of fossil fuels threaten the long-term sustainability of the global economy. This paper reviews the wind resources assessment models, site selection models, and aerodynamic models including wake effect. The different existing performance and reliability evaluation models, various problems related to wind turbine components (blade, gearbox, generator, and transformer), and grid for a wind energy system have been discussed. This paper also reviews different techniques and loads for design, control systems, and economics of wind energy conversion system.

Katti P K and Khedkar M K. 2007
Alternative energy facilities based on site matching and generation unit sizing for remote area power supply
Renewable Energy 32(8): 1346–1362
This paper presents the decision-support technique and influencing factors in the design of an integrated solar–wind power system for stand-alone applications. Results of investigations on application of alternative energy facility like wind, PV (photovoltaic) , and integration of wind–PV power generating systems for remote area power supply have been presented. A weather- model-based site matching of equipment and a simple numerical algorithm for generation unit sizing have been presented. The programme has been used to determine the optimum generation capacity and storage needs for a stand-alone wind, PV, and integrated wind–PV system for a remote site in India (Sukhalai situated near Suktawa in Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh) that satisfies a typical load. Generation and storage units for each system are properly sized in order to meet the annual load demand for the above three scenarios. Annual average hourly values for load, wind speed, and insolation have been used for analysis. The results are used to justify the use of renewable energy source as a reliable option for remote areas.

Hiremath R B, Shikha S, and Ravindranath N H. 2007
Decentralized energy planning; modelling and application - a review
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11(5): 729–752
Energy planning is carried out at a centralized level using computer-based modelling. The centralized energy planning models and approaches have already been reviewed in literature. DEP (decentralized energy planning) is a concept of recent origin with limited applications. Literature shows that different models are being developed and used worldwide. This paper gives an overview of different decentralized energy models used worldwide, their approaches, and their applications along with a few emerging energy models. The central theme of the energy planning at the decentralized level would be to prepare an area-based DEP to meet energy needs, and development of alternate energy sources at least-cost to the economy and environment. Ecologically sound development of the region is possible when energy needs are integrated with the environmental concerns at the local and global levels. Taking into account these features, this paper explains the need of DEP and shows how different types of energy planning and optimization models, supply–demand models, regional models, resource models, and neural models have been carried, adopted, and applied at the decentralized level.

Ashok S. 2007
Optimized model for community-based hybrid energy system
Renewable Energy 32(7): 1155–1164
Hybrid energy system is an excellent solution for electrification of remote rural areas where grid extension is difficult and not economical. Such a system incorporates a combination of one or several renewable energy sources such as solar PV, wind energy, micro-hydro, and may be conventional generators for backup. This paper discusses different system components of hybrid energy system and develops a general model to find an optimal combination of energy components for a typical rural community minimizing the life cycle cost. The developed model will help in sizing hybrid energy system hardware and in selecting the operating options. Micro-hydro-wind systems are found to be the optimal combination for the electrification of rural villages in the Western Ghats (Kerala), India, based on the case study. The optimal operation shows a unit cost of Rs 6.5/kWh (kilowatt-hour) with the selected hybrid energy system with 100% renewable energy contribution eliminating the need for conventional diesel generator.

Akella A K, Sharma M P, and Saini R P. 2007
Optimum utilization of renewable energy sources in a remote area
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11(5): 894–908
Renewable-energy-based system can be utilized as an IRES (integrated renewable energy system) , which can satisfy the energy needs of an area in an appropriate and sustainable manner. The IRES can be modelled and optimized for meeting the energy needs for renewable-energy-based rural electrification of remote areas. . The paper reports the results of optimization of IRES models of the study area of Zone 4 of Jaunpur block of Uttarakhand state as remote area. On the basis of field data, the resource potential and energy demand have been estimated. The total load is 808 MWh (megawatt-hour)/year and total available resources are 807 MWh/year, whereas the percentage contribution of each resource is as follows: MHP (micro-hydro power) 15.88% (128 166), solar 2.77% (22 363), wind 1.89% (15 251), and biomass energy 79.46% (641 384) kWh/year. The model has been optimized and the results indicated that the optimized model has been found to the best choice for meeting the energy needs of the area. The study revealed that renewable energy sources can contribute upto 15% to the total energy demands of 808 MWh/yr. Therefore, at the peak level, total energy demand from other conventional sources would be reduced to 687 MWh/yr. . The results further indicated that optimized IRES can provide a feasible solution in terms of energy fulfilment in the range of EPDF from 1.0 to 0.75. EPDF is the electric power delivery factor and is also called optimizing power factor—the maximum value of this is 1.

Muneer T and Asif M. 2007
Prospects for secure and sustainable electricity supply for Pakistan
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11(4): 654–671
Non-judicious exploitation of fossil fuels, presently contributing to 80% of the world’s primary energy, is having enormous impacts on environment. There is an urgent need for a quicker switch over of energy systems from conventional to renewables that are sustainable and can meet the present and projected world energy demand. Hydrogen, in the capacity of energy vector and storage medium is expected to be the optimum solution for intermittency and storage of energy produced by renewables. Within the context of Pakistan, solar and wind power are two of the most promising renewables. In this article, the current energy consumption for Pakistan is presented and the issue of security of electrical energy supply is discussed. Furthermore, the prospects for a large-scale switchover to renewables are also addressed and the relevant economies and underpinning rationale provided. It has been found that solar energy is a much more economical choice for Pakistan as compared to wind energy—respective costs for solar and wind energy are (US cents/kWh) 20 and 77. This is due to the fact that barring the four monsoon months the average wind speed for the remaining eight months does not cross an economic threshold. On the contrary, it was found that solar energy is fairly stable and consistent.

Nandi P and De R. 2007
Production of sweetmeat utilizing solar thermal energy: economic and thermal analysis of a case study
Journal of Cleaner Production 15(4): 373–377
The production of Indian sweetmeats is still dependent upon the use of conventional energy and results in a huge consumption of energy. The use of solar thermal systems by using parabolic concentrators in the production of sweetmeats can be beneficial from many points of view. In this study, conducted in the factory of a processed food manufacturing company, trial runs of the system were made to draw the ultimate conclusion that solar thermal systems can be effectively used in the production of sweetmeats without compromising on the quality or taste of the product and ensuring the sustainability of a green environment as well. The study also addresses the economic and thermal analysis of the solar concentrating system in terms of substituting the diesel fuel, which is being used in the current production systems. The results revealed that the sweetmeat thus produced is matched well in the standard. The authors therefore, suggested that conventional energy can easily be substituted by solar energy for production of sweetmeats. (2 figures, 3 tables, 12 references)

Purohit P and Kandpal T C. 2007
Techno-economics of biogas-based water pumping in India: an attempt to internalize carbon dioxide emissions mitigation and other economic benefits
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11(6): 1208–1226
An attempt for the techno-economic evaluation of biogas-based water pumping systems in India has been made in the present work. The potential reduction in the amount of CO2 (carbon dioxide) released in the atmosphere due to the use of the biogas-based water pumping systems has also been taken into account in the estimation of economic benefits. The economic figures of merit such as discounted payback period, net present value, benefit-to-cost ratio, and internal rate of return have been estimated. Results of some exemplifying calculations are presented. The results have shown that biogas-based water pumping systems are viable both technically and economically.

Chandrasekar B and Kandpal T C. 2007
An opinion survey based assessment of renewable energy technology development in India
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(4): 688-701
India has a very large potential for harnessing renewable energy sources. However, there is a large gap between the estimated potential and the cumulative achievements made so far. A variety of reasons are attributed to the current low levels of dissemination of renewable energy technologies in India as against their respective estimated potentials. Several of these attributes could, one way or the other, be related to the current status of development of the technology, its appropriateness and dissemination strategies adopted for their diffusion and deployment. Results of an attempt to assess the current status of some renewable energy technologies in India are briefly presented in this paper. The main findings of a structured questionnaire based survey undertaken for eliciting views of different categories of stakeholders on various issues affecting dissemination of renewable energy technologies in India are presented in this paper.

Anon. 2006
Biofuels: need of the hour
Akshay Urja, 2(6): 17-18
http://mnes.nic.in/akshayurja/nov-dec-2006-e.pdf

S K Rastogi and Tiwari H. 2006
Small hydro policy is Uttranchal
Akshay Urja, 2(6): 24-29
http://mnes.nic.in/akshayurja/nov-dec-2006-e.pdf

Dudhani S, Sinha A K and Inamdar S S. 2006
Assessment of small hydropower potential using remote sensing data for sustainable development in India
Energy Policy, 34(17): 3195-3205
Sustainable and qualitative growth for developing economics and habitat requires increased energy input from various resources while maintaining balance in the ecosystem during exploitation. Paper discusses state of the resource potentials, achievements and various issues related to the power generation in India. The growing concern over environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel based systems, opposition to large hydropower projects on grounds of displacement of land and population, environmental problems with nuclear fuel based systems and the ever-rising shortage of power highlights the need for tapping alternate energy sources for power generation. Amongst the alternate sources utilization of hydropower on a smaller scale (small, mini and micro hydropower) has become the thrust area for sustainable growth in the power sector. Hydropower is an economical and environmentally clean source of renewable energy abundantly available in hilly regions of India. Huge hydropower potential in India, yet to be explored is located at inaccessible mountainous region. However, development of this potential is challenging due to difficult and inaccessible terrain profile. Paper presents application of remote sensing data for identification and selection of probable site for hydropower projects. The algorithm for identification and assessment of water resources and its perennial is developed in Visual Basic (VB) platform and it is successfully applied for IRS-1D, LISS III Geo-coded False Color Composite (FCC) satellite image for plain as well as hilly and mountainous regions. Classification of satellite image in to different objects is modeled as the task of clustering based on the intensity of R-G-B values of pixels. Results obtained are presented and compared with the Survey of India Toposheets (53K/2, 53K/3 and 53J/16). Use of Remote sensing data provides a scientific method of hydropower identification and assessment.

Pohekar S D and Ramachandran M. 2006
Utility assessment of parabolic solar cooker as a domestic cooking device in India
Renewable Energy, 31(11): 1827-1838
The needs of cooking energy in households can be supplemented by parabolic solar cooker (PSC). Policy for energy substitution by renewables has to consider many conflicting socio-economic issues. To know the perceptions of decision-makers and users, a survey is conducted to evaluate nine cooking energy devices available in India. Energy technology issues, economics, environmental/social, behavioral and commercial issues are considered for the evaluation. Thirty criteria are considered under these five aspects for pair-wise comparison of the devices. Additive Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) is employed to evolve ranking of selected devices. It is found that Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) stove is the most preferred cooking device, followed by microwave ovens and kerosene stoves. PSC has occupied fifth rank amongst the devices. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out for identifying potential areas of improvement for PSC, which forms a basis for policy interventions required for its better dissemination in India.

Prasad A R and Natarajan E. 2006
Optimization of integrated photovoltaic-wind power generation systems with battery storage
Energy, 31(12): 1943-1954
In this paper, a new method for optimization of a wind–PV integrated hybrid system is presented. Based on deficiency of power supply probability (DPSP), relative excess power generated (REPG), unutilized energy probability (UEP), life cycle cost (LEC), levelized energy cost (LEC) and life cycle unit cost (LUC) of power generation with battery bank, the method addresses a specific location and employs an iterative scheme. A simulation software code has been developed to carryout the analysis for optimizing the size of the integrated system for a given location. Also, a case study using the software on the selection of optimal size of the integrated system for the site Pompuhar, Tamil Nadu state in India has been presented.

Mukherjee A B and Zevenhoven R. 2006
Mercury in coal ash and its fate in the Indian subcontinent: a synoptic review
Science of the Total Environment, 368(1): 384-392
In the Indian subcontinent power generation is mainly dependent upon the thermal power units and coal is burnt as a fuel for the production of heat and electricity. In India, bituminous and sub-bituminous coals are used which contain over 40% of ash. At present, 80–90 million tons of fly ashes are generated from 85 existing coal based thermal power plants. Coal contains trace metals of which mercury is most toxic for humans and aquatic fauna. The problem of mercury in the society is not new, but in recent years the Indian subcontinent has gained the reputation of being “a dumping ground for mercury”. This study focuses on mercury in fly ash and its releases to the atmosphere and soils cross the country. The utilization of coal ash in India is also addressed although it is still in its nascent stage. About 10% of produced fly ashes are used in India whereas in Western countries its use is typically over 70%. Regulations from India's Ministry of Environment and Forestry should increase coal fly ash utilization, although this would require that cost-effective new technology is put to use. As to the release of Hg from ashes disposed of in the environment, the scarce literature suggests that this is negligible or zero, and less problematic than wet or dry deposition of Hg from flue gases.

Dudhani S, Sinha A K and Inamdar S S. 2006
Renewable energy sources for peak load demand management in India
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 28(6): 396-400
In developing country such as India, demand for power is increasing day by day; especially peak load demand management is becoming crucial. This paper highlights the gap between peak load power demand and availability of power at the regional level, furthermore proposes the suitability of power generation from renewable sources to fill the gap. The problem is formulated for the optimum allocation of the various renewable energy options to meet the peak load demand at the regional level of India, based upon the application of a linear programming algorithm, considering various constraints. Due to the geological profile, potential of various renewable energy sources such as, small hydel power, solar photovoltaic, wind power, co-generation and biomass energy is varying from region to region. A computational result indicates that the power generated by renewable resources is quite suitable to meet the peak load demand and in fact some of regions have the potential, which can be transferred to the other regions utilizing the existing transmission line network.

Tiwari A, Sodha M S, Chandra A, Joshi J C. 2006
Performance evaluation of photovoltaic thermal solar air collector for composite climate of india
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 90(2): 75–189
The objective of the present study is to evaluate the performance of the PV (photovoltaic) module integrated with air duct for composite climate of India. In this case, thermal energy is produced along with electrical energy generated by a PV module with higher efficiency. An analytical expression for overall efficiency (electrical and thermal) has been derived by using energy balance equation for each component. Experimental validation of thermal model of hybrid PV/T (photovoltaic/thermal) system has also been carried out. It has been observed that there is a fair agreement between theoretical and experimental observations. Further it is concluded that an overall thermal efficiency of PV/T system is significantly increased due to utilization of thermal energy in PV module.

Murugesan G S, Sathishkumar M, and Swaminathan K. 2006
Arsenic removal from groundwater by pretreated waste tea fungal biomass
Bioresource Technology 97(3): 483–487
Arsenic contamination in groundwater poses a serious threat on human health. The tea fungus, a waste produced during black tea fermentation has been examined for its capacity to sequester the metal ions from groundwater samples. Autoclaved tea fungal mat, and autoclaving followed by FeCl3 (ferric chloride) pretreated tea fungal mat were exploited for removal of As (III), As (V) and Fe (II) from groundwater sample collected from Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The biosorption rate tends to increase with the increase in contact time and adsorbent dosage. FeCl3 pretreated and autoclaved fungal mats removed 100% of As (III) and Fe (II) after 30-min (minute) contact time and 77% of As (V) after 90-min contact time. The optimum adsorbent dosage was 1.0 g/50 ml (millilitre) of water sample. The results revealed that the FeCl3 pretreated fungal mat could be used as an effective biosorbent for As (III) and As (V); autoclaved fungal mat for Fe (II) removal from groundwater sample.

Banerjee R. 2006.
Comparison of options for distributed generation in india.
Energy Policy 34(1): 101–111
This paper reviews the different technological options available for DG (distributed generation), their current status, and evaluates them on the basis of cost of generation and future potential in India. The non-renewable options considered are internal combustion engines fuelled by diesel, natural gas, and micro-turbines and fuel cells fired by natural gas. The renewable technologies considered are wind, solar photovoltaic, biomass gasification, and bagasse cogeneration. The cost of generation is dependent on the load factor and the discount rate. Gas engines and bagasse-based cogeneration are found to be the most cost effective DG options while wind and biomass gasifier-fired engines are viable under certain conditions. PEM (Polymer electrolyte membrane) fuel cells and micro turbines based on natural gas need a few demonstration projects and cost reductions before becoming viable. A strategy involving pilot projects, tracking of costs, and dissemination of information is likely to result in DG meeting 10% of India's power needs by 2012.

Pohekar S D and Ramachandran M. 2006
Multi-criteria evaluation of cooking devices with special reference to utility of parabolic solar cooker (psc) in india
Energy, 31(8-9): 1215-1227
Multi-criteria decision making is an emerging technique for evaluation and policy formulation for renewable energy technology promotion. In this paper, the case of the parabolic solar cooker (PSC), which is a relatively recent innovation, is evaluated with respect to eight prevalent domestic cooking devices in India. Thirty different criteria categorized under technical, economic, environmental, social, behavioral and commercial aspects are considered for the evaluation based on the additive Multi Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) model. A survey of various decision making groups and user preferences for domestic cooking devices in India is used to formulate the evaluation matrix. Expert opinion is collected to devise the utility functions. On the basis of user preferences and expert opinion, it is found that the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove has the highest utility, followed by the kerosene stove, solar box cooker (SBC) and PSC, respectively. Sensitivity analyses are carried out to identify the areas of improvement for the widespread use of PSC.

Jebaraj S and Iniyan S. 2006
A review of energy models
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 10(4): 281-311
Energy is a vital input for social and economic development of any nation. With increasing agricultural and industrial activities in the country, the demand for energy is also increasing. Formulation of an energy model will help in the proper allocation of widely available renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, bioenergy and small hydropower in meeting the future energy demand in India. During the last decade several new concepts of energy planning and management such as decentralized planning, energy conservation through improved technologies, waste recycling, integrated energy planning, introduction of renewable energy sources and energy forecasting have emerged. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand and review the various emerging issues related to the energy modeling. The different types of models such as energy planning models, energy supply–demand models, forecasting models, renewable energy models, emission reduction models, optimization models have been reviewed and presented. Also, models based on neural network and fuzzy theory have been reviewed and discussed. The review paper on energy modeling will help the energy planners, researchers and policy makers widely.

Dhussa A K. 2005
Energy recovery from urban wastes in India
Akshay Urja, 1(6): 23-28
http://mnes.nic.in/akshayurja/akshayurja_2005_11_12_english.pdf

Anon. 2005
Electric vehicles: an alternative to transport
Akshay Urja, 1(6): 29
http://mnes.nic.in/akshayurja/akshayurja_2005_11_12_english.pdf

Kumar A and Vipradas M. 2005
Renewable based electricity I the present policy and regulatory environment
Akshay Urja, 1(5): 16-18
http://mnes.nic.in/akshayurja/akshyaurja_2005_09_10_english.pdf

Sukumaran K P. 2005
Grid power from renewables in India an overview
Akshay Urja, 1(5): 19-26
http://mnes.nic.in/akshayurja/akshyaurja_2005_09_10_english.pdf

Anon. 2005
Biomass gasifier based cogeneration in rice milling industries
Akshay Urja, 1(4): 23-25
http://mnes.nic.in/akshayurja/akshayurja_2005_07_08_english.pdf

Purohit P and Kandpal T C. 2005
Renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in india: projected levels of dissemination, energy delivery and investment requirements using available diffusion models
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 9(6): 592-607
Using the past diffusion trends of four renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India (SPV pumps, windmill pumps and biogas/producer gas driven dual fuel engine pumps), results of an attempt to project their future dissemination levels, have been presented in this study. The likely contribution of the renewable energy options considered in the study to the projected energy demand for irrigation water pumping in India has been estimated. Estimates of the associated investment requirements taking into account the learning effect have also been presented.

Barnwal B K and Sharma M P. 2005
Prospects of bio-diesel production from vegetable oils in india
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 9(4): 363–378
The indiscriminate extraction and consumption of fossil fuels have led to a reduction in petroleum reserves. Alternative fuels, energy conservation and management, energy efficiency, and environmental protection have become important in recent years. The increasing import bill has necessitated the search for liquid fuels in India as an alternative to diesel. Bio-diesel obtained from vegetable oils has been considered a promising option. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the work done on bio-diesel production and utilization, resources available, process(s) developed/being developed, performance in existing engines, environmental considerations, the economic aspect, and advantages in and barriers to the use of bio-diesel.

Chandrasekar B* and Kandpal T C. 2005.
Effect of financial and fiscal incentives on the effective capital cost of solar energy technologies to the user.
Solar Energy 78(2): 147-156
In recent years, development and dissemination of solar energy technologies in India has been aided by a variety of policy and support measures. One of the promotional measures is the provision of financial and fiscal incentives such as capital subsidy, low interest loan, and accelerated depreciation-related income tax benefits to the users on the purchase of solar energy technologies. In this study an attempt has been made to determine the effective capital cost of solar energy technologies to the user with the provision of financial and/or fiscal incentives. Results of exemplifying calculations for domestic and industrial solar water heating system, a solar home lighting system, and a solar drying system have been presented and discussed. (7 tables, 6 references)

Sunderasan S. 2005
Solar home systems: offering credit and ensuring recovery.
Refocus 6(1): 38–41
Studies have concluded that provision of credit would contribute to widespread deployment of SHS (solar home systems) among populations otherwise deprived of access to modern electricity services. Paradoxically, offering credit also represents a significant source of risk to the creditors, given the nature of the product and specifics of the market. Pre-payment systems could offer a way out of this impasse, and programme designers could do well to pay greater attention to the development, testing, and deployment of such systems.

Kumar A and Kandpal T C. 2005.
Solar drying and co2 emissions mitigation: potential for selected cash crops in india.
Solar Energy 78(2): 321-329
An attempt to estimate the potential of solar crop drying for some selected cash crops in India has been made in this paper. The amount of cash crops that can be dried by solar dryers and the required aperture area of solar dryers has been estimated. Estimates for unit cost of solar drying for different crops have also been worked out. The potential of net fossil CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions mitigation due to the amounts of different fuels that would be saved by solar drying has been estimated along with the unit cost of CO2 emissions mitigation.

Kumar R and Umanand L. 2005.
Estimation of global radiation using clearness index model for sizing photovoltaic system.
Renewable Energy 30(15): 2221–2233
A methodology for developing a simple theoretical model for calculating global insolation on a horizontal surface is described in this paper. The input parameters to the model are the latitude of the desired location and the amount of total precipitable water content in the vertical column at that location. Both the parameters are easily measurable with an inexpensive instrument such as GPS (global positioning system). The principal idea behind the paper is to have a model that could be used for designing a PV system quickly and within reasonable accuracy. The model in this paper has been developed using measured data from 12 locations in India covering the length and breadth of the country over a period of 9–22 years. The model is validated by calculating theoretical global insolation for five locations and comparing them with the measured insolation values for these five locations. The model is further validated by comparing the calculated and measured values of the insolation. The deviation was less than 20% between the values. This gives the credibility of the model and the methodology used for developing the model.

Ravindranath N H, Somashekar H I, Nagaraja N S, Sudha P, Sangeetha G, Bhattacharya S C, Salam P A. 2005.
Assessment of sustainable non-plantation biomass resources potential for energy in india.
Biomass and Bioenergy 29 (3): 178–190
In India, fuelwood, crop residues, and animal manure are the dominant biomass fuels, which are mostly used in the rural areas. However, they produce very low efficiencies when compare with other high energy fuels such as PLG. Industrial and municipal (urban) residues such as waste water, MSW (municipal solid wastes), and crop residues such as rice husk and bagasse can also be used for energy generation. In this paper, the potential of energy from crop residues, animal manure, MSW, industrial waste water, and biomass fuels that can be conserved for other applications through efficiency improvement is discussed. The total potential of energy from these sources in 1997 is estimated to be equivalent to 5.14 EJ (EJ is Exajoule, equals to 1018 joules), which amounts to a little more than a third of the total fossil fuel use in India. The energy potential in 2010 is estimated to be about 8.26 EJ.

Muneer T, Asif M and Munawwar S. 2005
sustainable production of solar electricity with particular reference to the indian economy
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 9(5): 444-473
Fossil fuels, presently contributing to 80% of world primary energy, are inflicting enormous impacts on environment. A secure, environmentally benign and accessible supply of energy is thus very crucial for the sustainability of modern societies. There is an urgent need for a quicker switch over of energy systems from conventional to renewables that can meet the present and projected world energy demand. Coupled with hydrogen as an energy carrier, solar energy has a large potential to become the fuel of the future. The present study is aimed to explore such potential for India in 2025. Solar PV is a potential technology to meet India’s future energy demand. The present work proposes solar hydrogen based energy network to meet the future energy demand for the major cities of India in a sustainable way. In the proposed energy network, solar PV produced electricity is to be utilized to meet the energy demand during day hours. The solar generated electricity that is excessive of demand is to be stored in the form of hydrogen to be utilized during nocturnal hours and prolonged overcast conditions. A modular approach has been adopted for the purposed energy network to meet the year 2025 demand of six major cities of India. Present as well as projected cost scenarios for 2025 have been provided for all the proposed technologies to evaluate the economical viability of the energy network under study. Based on the futuristic trends, it is foreseen that by the year 2025, the PV electricity would be more economical than the fossil fuel electricity.

Ramachandraa T V, and Shruthib B V. 2005.
Wind energy potential mapping in karnataka, india, using gis
Energy Conversion and Management, 46(9-10): 1561-1578
Wind energy is one of the fastest developing clean energy source technologies across the globe compared to fossil fuel, which pollute the lower layer of the atmosphere. It has the advantage of being harnessed on a local basis for application in rural and remote areas. In order to tap the potential of wind energy sources, there is a need to assess the availability of the resources spatially. Mapping potential sites for tapping wind energy in Karnataka is the focus of this study. The study employs the geographical information system (GIS) to map the wind energy resources of Karnataka state and analyze their variability considering spatial and seasonal aspects. Considering these, the present status of the potential is assessed and maps of locations suitable for tapping wind energy have been prepared. A spatial data base with data of wind velocities has been developed and used for evaluation of the theoretical potential through continuous monitoring and mapping of the wind resources. The study shows that the average wind velocity in Karnataka varies from 0.85 m/s in Bagalkote to 8.28 m/s in Chikkodi during the monsoon season. Chikkodi, in Belgaum district, has high wind velocity during the period May to September with a peak value of 9.18 m/s in July. Agroclimatic zone wise analysis shows that the northern dry zone and the central dry zone are ideally suited for harvesting wind energy for regional economic development.

Pohekar S D and Ramachandran M. 2004.
Multi-criteria evaluation of cooking energy alternatives for promoting parabolic solar cooker in india.
Renewable Energy 29(9): 1449–1460
In this paper, the policy formulation for substitution of cooking energy with renewables is addressed in multi-criteria context. A survey is conducted to know the perceptions of different decision-making groups on present dissemination of various cooking energy alternatives in India. Nine cooking energy alternatives are evaluated on 30 different criteria comprising technical, economic, environmental/social, behavioural, and commercial issues. PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation), a multi-criteria decision-making method of outranking nature is used to rank the alternatives. It is found that liquefied petroleum gas stove is the most preferred device, followed by kerosene stove, solar box cooker, and PSC (parabolic solar cooker). A sensitivity analysis is also carried out for identifying potential areas for improvement of PSCs. On the basis of results, strategies for promoting widespread use of PSCs are formulated.

Khoiyangbam R S, Kumar S, Jain M S, Gupta N, Kumar A, Kumar V. 2004.
Methane emission from fixed dome biogas plants in hilly and plain regions of northern india.
Bioresource Technology 95(1): 35–39
CH4 (methane) emissions from the slurry displacement chambers of different fixed dome type biogas plants (capacity 2 m3) installed in the hilly and plain regions of northern India were quantitatively estimated. The slurry temperature in biogas plants in the hilly areas of Himachal Pradesh, at an altitude of 1300 m above mean sea level, remains below the lower mesophilic range (16–25 °C) during most part of the year. Difference in the ambient temperature under the two climatic conditions affects the CH4 flux. CH4 fluxes from the plants ranged between 7 g m-2 d-1 and 120 g m-2 d-1. In the northern plain, temperature remains warm (21–33 °C) throughout the year except during winter. Seasonal emission of CH4 ranged between 10 g m-2 d-1 and 178 g m-2 d-1. The annual average CH4 emission from the biogas plants in plain areas was 83.1 g m-2 d-1 as compared to 43.1 g m-2 d-1 in the hilly areas. Annual contribution per plant to the global CH4 budget from a fixed dome biogas plant in plain region of northern India was 53.2 kg (kilogram) as compared to 22.3 kg in hilly areas.

Mukhopadhyay K. 2004.
An assessment of a biomass gasification based power plant in the sunderbans
Biomass and Bioenergy 27(3): 253-264
The energy requirement in India is steadily increasing and this requirement is met both by commercial and renewable energy sources. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the socio economic and environmental impact of the biomass gasification based Power Plant (BGBPP) in Chottomollakhali islands of Sunderbans set up by West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Authority (WBREDA). Four villages of Chottomollakhali Island are benefited with electricity from the power plant, which serves 225 consumers comprising household, commercial and industrial sectors. A simple cost benefit analysis has been used to estimate the impact of BGBPP. The findings of the study indicate that BGBPP has made a very positive impact on the life of the villagers of Chottomollakhali Island. This has led to increased economic activities and more profitable turnover for the commercial consumers and improves quality of life for the household sector. All of them have showed willingness to pay a higher price to get 24 h of power supply. From the cost benefit analysis it has been found that the benefit cost ratio, internal rate of return and pay back period of the project are 1.68, 19% and 7 years, respectively. (2 figs; 11 tabs; 8 refs)

Reddy S and Painuly J P. 2004.
Diffusion of renewable energy technologies—barriers and stakeholders’ perspectives
Renewable Energy, 29(9): 1431-1447
Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Goregaon (E), Mumbai 400065, India
This paper presents the results of a survey administered to households, personnel belonging to industry and commercial establishments, and policy experts with the objective of eliciting their views on the barriers to the diffusion of renewable energy technologies (RETs). Taking the Maharashtra State, India, as a case study, the paper develops a systematic classification of barriers to the adoption of RETs (economic, technological, market and institutional) and ranking them based on the perceptions of various stakeholders. The results provide evidence of how the consumers receive RET information and make decisions using their limited analytical capabilities. The analysis is used to enhance the knowledge by introducing ideas based on behavioural theory. Not only do these ideas help understanding the consumer perspective, they also help develop policy interventions. The aim is to define each barrier and describe its mode of influence that will help to develop policy measures for the removal of each barrier.

Aggarwala R K and Chandel S S. 2004.
Review of improved cookstoves programme in western himalayan state of india
Biomass and Bioenergy, 27 (2): 131-144
Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan 173 230, HP, India
The status of National Programme on Improved Cookstoves (NPIC) in Himachal Pradesh, the Western Himalayan Indian state, is presented. The lessons learnt from the success and failures in the implementation of the programme are highlighted. The research and development efforts of the Technology Back Up Centre, in developing energy-efficient space-heating metal stoves for high-altitude regions of the state are described. The feedback survey indicates that these improved stoves based on traditional stove designs are more acceptable to people. The study shows that NPIC needs to continue with new vigour in the ecologically fragile Himalayan region for the protection of forests and health of women. A new approach for the implementation of NPIC is outlined which includes massive awareness campaign about harmful impact of smoke emissions, improved ventilated kitchen designs, introduction of alternate cooking and space heating technologies including passive solar house technology for space heating in extreme cold climates.

Kishore V V N, Bhandari P, and Gupta P. 2004.
Biomass energy technologies for rural infrastructure and village power—opportunities and challenges in the context of global climate change concerns
Energy Policy, 32 (6): 801-810
The potential and role of biomass resources in developing countries for addressing global climate change concerns are highlighted using India as a case study. Promotion of technologies, which use biomass more efficiently, is seen as a key strategy to integrate the concerns of both developing countries and developed countries. The role of various biomass technologies for improving rural infrastructure and village power is discussed in detail. A vision of establishing and running a chain of rural energy service companies, operating with a basket of devices and technologies, under the general provisions of CDM, is examined for commercialization and mainstreaming of biomass technologies which have achieved reasonable levels of maturity.

Uma, R; Kandpal, T C; and Kishore; V V N, 2004
Emission characteristics of an electricity generation system in diesel alone and dual fuel modes
Biomass and Bioenergy 27(2004): 45-55
mode (with producer gas) at different load conditions are presented in this paper. Concentration of pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulates in the flue gas were monitored and emission factors have been derived. In addition to the emission characteristics, diesel replacement rate at different loads has been estimated. It was observed that the emissions increase at low-load conditions. It has been found that CO content in the flue gas increase in dual fuel operation, more so at part loads. NOx and SO2 concentration decrease in dual fuel mode.

Batra, V S; Bali, S; and Venkatesh, S, 2003
Fabrication of porous components for molten carbonate fuel cell
Ceramics International 69(3): 547-553
The development of porous anode, cathode and electrolyte matrix for molten carbonate fuel cell at Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), as part of our ongoing fuel cell stack development program, is described. The final characteristics of the electrodes and matrix prepared by tape casting and sintering were found to be influenced by the processing conditions. The required properties for the anode and cathode could be achieved by controlling the sintering and slurry preparation conditions. After cell testing, anode underwent reduction in porosity. The cathode showed development of small pores as well as reduction in porosity after cell test. The matrix charateristics were a function of the slurry composition. The tapes with higher ceramic content showed the requisite porosity and pore size distribution.

Pal, R C, 2003
Twenty four hours water supply through solar water pumps
Gramin Bharat 1(12): 16-31
Water is a precious natural resource that sustains all life. People say that water is known as 'Jeevanamirtya', meaning no life without water. Where water is available but of an inferior quality i.e. saline, brackish, dirty, etc., it will result in adverse health effects. Problems related to the availability of potable water are being faced in several parts of the India with people having to drink polluted water. To cope with these problems, TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) had installed four solar photovoltaic water pumps for providing domestic water supply to fulfill the need of people in four villages namely Dumaria, Binkerwa, Kanahbandh and Chichikala.

Rehman, I H; Singh, D; Jha, R; Sinha, P; Tiwari, J, 2003
Mainstreaming renewable energy technologies: innovative approach to commercialization
Transition Towards Sustainable Development in South Asia, pp. 113 – 124
The renewable energy programmes designed to meet the energy needs for lighting and cooking in rural areas have had a limited reach and have failed to provide easy access and quality services to the people. A major reason for this is the subsidy available that allows for a limited clientele to be served in a given time frame, even though others also want to adopt the technology. Other reasons for the low impact of RET (renewable energy technology) systems are poor awareness of renewable options, lack of appropriate technology, almost non-existent access to reasonable finances/credit in rural areas for such systems, and, last but not the least, non-availability of the much assured service-andrepair facilities in remote rural areas. Hence, it is logical to conclude that the government programmes need to be supplemented by other decentralized dissemination approaches as well.

Mande S, Lata K, and Kishore V V N, 2003
An innovative gasifier system for large cardamom drying
Exploring New Frontiers in Drying Technology: Proceedings of the Third Asia-Pacific Drying Conference. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology, pp. 725
With annual production of 4,000 MT, India is the largest producer of large cardamom (54% share) in the world. Presently large-cardamom is being dried using a primitive energy inefficient smoking method resulting in poor quality (charred/blackened split capsules) product. A simple appropriate low cost updraft gasifier system for drying large-cardamom was successfully developed and field-tested in Sikkim. The salient features of system include: easy transportability in hilly areas, operation without electricity in remote jungles. Major benefits observed, such as substantial (> 60%) fuelwood saving and improved quality of dried cardamom (retaining natural reddish colour and 35% more volatile oil), may open up new concept of oil extraction.

REPP, 2003
Geothermal Energy Issue brief
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/binaries/Geothermal_Issue_Brief.pdf
This REPP issue brief presents a general background on utility-scale geothermal energy and provides a solid foundation for further understanding of the technical, economic, and policy dimensions of wind power development worldwide.

REPP, 2003
Wind energy for electric power
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/binaries/wind%20issue%20brief_FINAL.pdf
This REPP issue brief presents a general background on utility-scale wind power and provides a solid foundation for further understanding of the technical, economic, and policy dimensions of wind power development worldwide.

Dunn S. 2001
Hydrogen futures: toward a sustainable energy system
http://www.worldwatch.org/pubs/paper/157/
Fueled by concerns about urban air pollution, energy security, and climate change, the notion of a “hydrogen economy” is moving beyond the realm of scientists and engineers and into the lexicon of political and business leaders. Interest in hydrogen, the simplest and most abundant element in the universe, is also rising due to technical advances in fuel cells – the potential successors to batteries in portable electronics, power plants, and the internal combustion engine. But where will the hydrogen come from? Government and industry, keeping one foot in the hydrocarbon economy, are pursuing an incremental route, using gasoline or methanol as the source of the hydrogen, with the fuel reformed on board vehicles. A cleaner path, deriving hydrogen from natural gas and renewable energy and using the fuel directly on board vehicles, has received significantly less support, in part because the cost of building a hydrogen infrastructure is widely viewed as prohibitively high. Yet a number of recent studies suggest that moving to the direct use of hydrogen may be much cleaner and far less expensive. Just as government played a catalytic role in the creation of the Internet, government will have an essential part in building a hydrogen economy. Research and development, incentives and regulations, and partnerships with industry have sparked isolated initiatives. But stronger public policies and educational efforts are needed to accelerate the process. Choices made today will likely determine which countries and companies seize the enormous political power and economic prizes associated with the hydrogen age now dawning.

Other Useful publications

Renewable energy for development
http://www.sei.se/red/redindex.html
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) – a newsletter for the energy programme.
This is the electronic version of the printed newsletter of the Energy Programme at SEI, which is mainly concerned with energy utilisation and technologies in the Third World. Studies are carried out in close cooperation with local institutions.

Bp statistical review of world energy, 2005
http://www.bp.com/
The BP Statistical Review of World Energy has been published for over 50 years. The Review provides high-quality, objective andglobally consistent data of the energy markets throughout the world. This statistical compendium is one of the most authentic data sources available in the market today.

The Spanish PV Market, 2005
Solarplaza.com
http://www.solarplaza.com/files/Reports/Fax%20order%20form%20Spain%20190105.PDF
This priced country report covers Spanish PV market with latest developments with a MS Excel file with directory of full addresses of all Spanish PV companies. The report can be ordered through fax.

Energy: Maximizing resources; meeting our needs; retaining jobs
Renewable Energy Policy Project, 2002
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/binaries/repp_testimony_boston.pdf (Comments on National Renewable Energy Policy)
In comments titled "Energy: Maximizing Resources; Meeting Our Needs; Retaining Jobs", Exec. Director George Sterzinger testified to the House Government Reform Committee, Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Natural Resources and Regulatory Affairs. June 17, 2002.

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